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In recent years, with the continuous in-depth research on the mechanisms of aging, NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) and NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) have garnered significant attention due to their potential effects in enhancing NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) levels and delaying aging. Both are precursors of NAD+; however, they exhibit notable differences in chemical structure, metabolic pathways, biological activity, and safety.
The chemical structure of NMN and NR represents one of their most fundamental distinctions. The NMN molecule contains an additional phosphate group, which is absent in NR. This structural difference leads to different metabolic processes within cells. NMN is directly converted into NAD+ by NMN adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), whereas NR must first be converted to NMN by NR kinase (NRK) before being further transformed into NAD+. Therefore, the metabolic process of NMN is more direct, while NR requires an extra conversion step.
Although both NMN and NR can increase NAD+ levels, they differ in biological activity and specific effects. Research has shown that NMN demonstrates significant effects in improving energy metabolism, enhancing physical activity, increasing insulin sensitivity, and reducing body weight. For example, in a mouse study, NMN significantly delayed the aging process and improved various pathophysiological indicators. In contrast, NR exhibits unique advantages in neuroprotection and cognitive function improvement. For instance, NR can reduce the toxicity of β-amyloid (Aβ) by regulating the expression of PGC-1α and the degradation of BACE1, thereby protecting the cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice.
In terms of safety, NR has been recognized as a GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) food supplement in the United States, meaning it can be safely used as a food ingredient. The safety of NMN in humans has also been preliminarily verified.
NMN and NR each have their own advantages in clinical applications. NMN shows significant effects in improving metabolism and delaying aging, while NR has unique advantages in neuroprotection and immune regulation. Future research needs to further explore their long-term effects, optimal dosages, and safety, especially for personalized applications targeting different health conditions and age groups.
Both NMN and NR have the potential to enhance NAD+ levels and delay aging, but they exhibit significant differences in chemical structure, metabolic pathways, biological activity, and safety. Understanding these differences is crucial for the rational selection and use of these two compounds. Future research will help further uncover their potential and provide a scientific basis for the development of more effective anti-aging strategies.
Yang X, Lu A, Guan X, et al. An Updated Review on the Mechanisms, Pre‐Clinical and Clinical Comparisons of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)[J]. Food Frontiers, 2025, 6(2): 630-643.
*Special note - This article is for informational purposes only and cannot replace a doctor's treatment diagnosis and advice. It should not be regarded as a recommendation or proof of efficacy of the medical products involved. If it involves disease diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, please be sure to go to a professional medical institution to seek professional advice.
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