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Skin aging is a complex biological process that is affected by both intrinsic factors (such as gene expression, cell metabolism) and extrinsic factors (such as ultraviolet rays, environmental pollution). In recent years, nicotinamide has received widespread attention as a nutrient with anti-aging potential. Its role in skin aging control is closely related to NAD/NADH metabolism and the production of NMN.
Nicotinamide is the active form of vitamin B3 and a key precursor for the synthesis of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). NAD+ plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism, participating in redox reactions and maintaining normal cell function. With age, NAD+ levels in skin cells decrease, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, slowed energy metabolism, and weakened antioxidant capacity, thereby accelerating skin aging.
Nicotinamide replenishes the NAD+ pool through the NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) pathway. NAMPT can convert nicotinamide into NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide), which further synthesizes NAD+. The increase of NAD+ helps to restore mitochondrial function and reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing the damage to cells caused by oxidative stress. In addition, NAD+ is also involved in regulating the expression of cell aging-related genes, such as SIRT1 (deacetylase). By activating these genes, nicotinamide can delay cell aging and extend the cell's replication lifespan.
NMN is an important intermediate in the synthesis of NAD+. Studies have shown that NMN can not only directly supplement NAD+, but also has independent biological activity. During skin aging, the generation of NMN is essential for maintaining cell energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. By promoting the synthesis of NMN, nicotinamide can enhance the antioxidant capacity of skin cells and reduce oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet rays and environmental pollution.
In addition, NMN can also regulate the inflammatory response of cells. Under the stimulation of ultraviolet rays or pollutants, skin cells will produce a large number of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, TNF-α, etc. Nicotinamide can inhibit the generation of these inflammatory factors and reduce the damage to the skin caused by inflammatory response by regulating NAD+/NMN metabolism, thereby delaying skin aging.
In summary, niacinamide exerts anti-aging effects at multiple levels by regulating NAD/NADH metabolism and NMN production:
1. Replenishing NAD+ pool: Through the NAMPT pathway, niacinamide can increase the level of NAD+ in cells, restore mitochondrial function, reduce the production of ROS, and reduce oxidative stress.
2. Delaying cell aging: The increase of NAD+ activates deacetylases such as SIRT1, regulates the expression of cell aging-related genes, and prolongs the replication life of cells.
3. Enhance antioxidant capacity: The production of NMN directly enhances the antioxidant defense of cells and reduces oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet rays and pollutants.
4. Reducing inflammatory response: By regulating NAD+/NMN metabolism, niacinamide can inhibit the production of inflammatory factors and reduce the damage of inflammation to the skin.
Through these mechanisms, niacinamide can not only improve the appearance of the skin, reduce wrinkles and pigmentation, but also fundamentally delay the process of skin aging. Therefore, nicotinamide and its metabolites NMN and NAD+ have broad application prospects in the field of skin anti-aging.
Boo Y C. Mechanistic basis and clinical evidence for the applications of nicotinamide (niacinamide) to control skin aging and pigmentation[J]. Antioxidants, 2021, 10(8): 1315.
*Special note - This article is for informational purposes only and cannot replace a doctor's treatment diagnosis and advice. It should not be regarded as a recommendation or proof of efficacy of the medical products involved. If it involves disease diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, please be sure to go to a professional medical institution to seek professional advice.
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