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A hangover is a "nightmare" that almost every drinker has experienced. Headache, nausea, fatigue, thirst... These symptoms are not only uncomfortable but can also affect one's work and daily life the next day.
When we consume alcohol, ethanol enters the body and is primarily broken down through a series of complex metabolic processes in the liver. Initially, ethanol is converted into acetaldehyde by the action of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and then acetaldehyde is further converted into acetic acid by the action of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). It is eventually broken down into carbon dioxide and water, which are excreted from the body. However, acetaldehyde is a toxic metabolic byproduct that accumulates in the body and leads to the appearance of hangover symptoms. In addition, the alcohol metabolism process also generates a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggering oxidative stress and further exacerbating the discomfort of a hangover.
Glutathione is an antioxidant that naturally exists in the human body and plays an important detoxification role in the liver. Studies have shown that supplementing with glutathione can significantly reduce the concentration of acetaldehyde in the blood, thereby alleviating hangover symptoms. Specifically, glutathione can directly bind to acetaldehyde, accelerating its metabolic process and reducing the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body. At the same time, glutathione can also enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. This effectively combats the oxidative stress generated during alcohol metabolism and protects the liver from damage.
A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial has demonstrated that after glutathione supplementation, the concentration of acetaldehyde in the blood of subjects was significantly lower than that in the placebo group at multiple time points. Although the questionnaire results on hangover symptoms did not show significant differences, this finding is still of great significance. Another study further revealed the role of glutathione in regulating protein S-glutathionylation and antioxidant enzyme activity, indicating that glutathione can not only directly participate in alcohol metabolism but also mitigate the negative effects of alcohol on the liver and body by regulating the intracellular antioxidant defense system.
Although glutathione can be synthesized in the human body, increasing its intake through diet and supplements is also an effective method. Foods rich in glutathione include fresh fruits, vegetables, meats, and fish. In addition, there are also glutathione supplements available on the market. However, before using any supplement, it is best to consult a doctor or nutritionist to ensure safety and effectiveness.
While a hangover is uncomfortable, we can alleviate these symptoms to some extent through scientific methods, such as supplementing with glutathione.
[1] Song G, Han H, Park S, et al. Effects of GSH on alcohol metabolism and hangover improvement in humans: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial[J]. Nutrients, 2024, 16(19): 3262.
[2] Mackus M, Loo A J A E, Garssen J, et al. The role of alcohol metabolism in the pathology of alcohol hangover[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2020, 9(11): 3421.
[3] Lee H Y, Lee G H, Kim D S, et al. Glutathione’s Role in Liver Metabolism and Hangover Symptom Relief: Dysregulation of Protein S-Glutathionylation and Antioxidant Enzymes[J]. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 2024, 33(1): 117.
*Special note - This article is for informational purposes only and cannot replace a doctor's treatment diagnosis and advice. It should not be regarded as a recommendation or proof of efficacy of the medical products involved. If it involves disease diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, please be sure to go to a professional medical institution to seek professional advice.
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